High-speed rail (HSR) is among the most significant innovations in the transportation sector, and it continues to gain global prominence. However, the development and design of HSR network pose unique challenges. This keynote paper highlights some of these challenges and proposes solutions using innovative materials and computational approaches. First, the effectiveness of a novel composite material designed to alleviate vibrations generated from high-speed train movements is evaluated through laboratory testing. The finite element method (FEM) is then utilized to compare the performance of ballasted and ballastless (or slab) tracks, aiding in the selection of the most appropriate track type for HSR operations. A comprehensive review of existing rheological models for predicting railway track performance is provided, and a novel computational method to analyze the dynamic behavior of standard railway tracks and transition zones under moving loads, accounting for principal stress rotation effects, is introduced. Furthermore, the effect of seismic loading on the lateral stability of tracks and the soil arching mechanism in pile foundation supported railway embankments is explored. The findings from this paper offer valuable insights into overcoming the key engineering challenges in HSR infrastructure design and development.